Drying is employed in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries to remove moisture, prevent microbial growth, increase product shelf life, and enhance product stability.

Freeze drying, also known as lyophilization, is a low-temperature drying technique that is commonly used for preserving heat-sensitive biological materials.

Freeze drying involves the sublimation of ice crystals directly from a frozen product, bypassing the liquid phase.

Freeze drying is advantageous because it preserves the structure and activity of biological materials by avoiding high temperatures and minimizing chemical reactions.

Spray drying is widely used in the food industry for producing powdered milk, instant coffee, baby food formulas, and various other food products.

Tray drying, vacuum drying, and fluidized bed drying are all commonly used techniques for removing moisture from pharmaceutical products.

Vacuum drying allows for lower drying temperatures, which is particularly beneficial for heat-sensitive products.

Microwave drying is a rapid drying technique that is suitable for products that are sensitive to high temperatures.

Infrared drying involves the transfer of heat through radiation, allowing for rapid and efficient drying.

Rotary drying is a continuous drying process that is commonly used for drying large volumes of granular or particulate materials.

Drum drying offers the advantages of continuous operation, high drying efficiency, and the ability to handle viscous materials.

Freeze drying is the preferred technique for products that require gentle drying conditions and preservation of volatile compounds.

The main disadvantage of freeze drying is the longer drying times compared to other drying methods.

Convective drying is commonly used for drying textiles and paper products due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.

Radio frequency drying offers the advantage of uniform heating throughout the product, resulting in consistent drying.