Descartes, in his quest for certainty, famously proposed that reason is the only reliable source of knowledge, leading to his famous statement, 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am').

Justification refers to the process of providing reasons or evidence to support a belief or claim, making it appear reasonable and credible.

Empiricism, championed by philosophers like John Locke, emphasizes the role of sense experience in acquiring knowledge, downplaying the significance of reason in justification.

Deductive reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions from general premises, ensuring that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

David Hume, in his skeptical inquiry, argued that reason is limited and that our beliefs are often based on custom and habit rather than solid evidence.

Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations, allowing us to make predictions and generalizations based on patterns.

Plato argued that certain types of knowledge, such as mathematical truths, are known 'a priori,' meaning they are known independently of experience.

Analogical reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on similarities between two things, allowing us to transfer knowledge from one domain to another.

Aristotle emphasized the role of reason in distinguishing between true and false beliefs, arguing that reason allows us to grasp the essential nature of things.

Abductive reasoning involves making an inference to the best explanation, allowing us to generate hypotheses and explanations based on available evidence.

Locke argued that certain types of knowledge, such as our knowledge of the physical world, are 'synthetic a posteriori,' meaning they are derived from experience.

Causal reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on cause-and-effect relationships, allowing us to understand why events occur and make predictions about future events.

Pascal argued that reason is limited and that our knowledge is often based on faith and revelation, emphasizing the role of religious belief in justification.

Statistical reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on statistical probabilities, allowing us to make predictions and inferences about populations based on sample data.

Kant argued that reason is essential for achieving moral knowledge and that ethical principles can be rationally justified through the categorical imperative.