In a conductor, the electric current is primarily carried by the movement of free electrons, which are loosely bound to the atoms and can move freely within the material.

Insulators have a high electrical resistivity, which means they resist the flow of electric current, and a low thermal conductivity, which means they do not conduct heat well.

In a semiconductor, the energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band is moderate, allowing electrons to be excited from the valence band to the conduction band with the application of a small amount of energy.

Superconductivity is the phenomenon where a material exhibits zero electrical resistance below a certain critical temperature, allowing electric current to flow without any energy loss.

A material that completely repels magnetic fields has a magnetic permeability of zero, indicating that it does not allow magnetic fields to penetrate it.

Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a strong attraction to magnetic fields, aligning their magnetic moments in the direction of the applied field.

An electric field is generated when electric charges are in motion, either due to the flow of electric current or the acceleration of charged particles.

In a conductor, the electrical resistance typically increases with increasing temperature due to increased scattering of electrons by lattice vibrations.

Ferromagnetism is the phenomenon where a material exhibits a spontaneous magnetization below a certain critical temperature, aligning its magnetic moments in the same direction even in the absence of an external magnetic field.

Paramagnetic materials exhibit a weak attraction to magnetic fields, aligning their magnetic moments in the direction of the applied field.

Magnetoresistance is the phenomenon where a material exhibits a change in its electrical resistance when subjected to a magnetic field.

Antiferromagnetic materials exhibit a spontaneous magnetization that alternates in direction from one atom to the next, resulting in a net magnetization of zero.

A magnetic field is generated when electric charges are in motion, either due to the flow of electric current or the acceleration of charged particles.

Paramagnetic materials exhibit a decrease in magnetic susceptibility with increasing temperature due to the thermal agitation of atoms, which disrupts the alignment of their magnetic moments.

The magnetoelectric effect is the phenomenon where a material exhibits a change in its magnetic properties when subjected to an electric field.