Cultural services are the non-material benefits that humans receive from ecosystems, such as aesthetic enjoyment, spiritual fulfillment, and cultural heritage.

Food production is a provisioning service, not a cultural service.

Cultural services contribute to human well-being in a variety of ways, including by providing opportunities for recreation and leisure, enhancing our sense of place and belonging, and supporting our cultural heritage and identity.

The economic value of an ecosystem is not a factor that can influence the value of cultural services.

The challenges to managing cultural services include the difficulty in quantifying their value, the lack of awareness of their importance, and the increasing demand for land and resources.

We can promote the conservation of cultural services by raising awareness of their importance, developing policies that protect and promote them, and supporting sustainable land use practices.

Spiritual and religious experiences are a cultural service provided by forests.

Cultural services contribute to the resilience of communities by providing a sense of place and belonging, supporting traditional livelihoods, and enhancing social cohesion.

Climate change, land use change, and pollution are all threats to cultural services.

We can value cultural services using economic valuation techniques, non-economic valuation techniques, or a combination of both.

The challenges to incorporating cultural services into decision-making include the difficulty in quantifying their value, the lack of awareness of their importance, and the lack of data on cultural services.

We can promote the sustainable use of cultural services by raising awareness of their importance, developing policies that protect and promote them, and supporting sustainable land use practices.

Cultural services can provide a range of benefits for human health and well-being, including reduced stress and anxiety, improved mood and cognitive function, and increased physical activity.

Cultural services can contribute to sustainable development by supporting economic development, promoting social equity, and protecting the environment.

Climate change, land use change, and globalization are all key challenges to managing cultural services for the future.