Medieval physicians drew knowledge from various sources, including ancient texts, religious teachings, and their own observations and experiences.

Galen's extensive writings on anatomy, physiology, and pathology were highly influential in shaping medieval medical practices.

The humoral theory, which originated in ancient Greece, held that the body was composed of four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. An imbalance of these humors was believed to cause disease.

Medieval physicians often relied on urine analysis, known as uroscopy, to diagnose illnesses. They believed that the color, clarity, and odor of urine could provide insights into a person's health.

Bloodletting, the practice of drawing blood from a patient, was widely used to treat various illnesses, based on the belief that it could restore the balance of humors in the body.

Medieval surgeons performed a variety of procedures, including setting broken bones, amputating limbs, treating wounds, and performing surgeries such as cataract removal.

The Canon of Medicine, written by the Persian physician Avicenna, was a comprehensive medical encyclopedia that covered various aspects of medicine, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, and treatment.

Apothecaries were responsible for preparing and dispensing medications, often using herbal remedies and other natural ingredients.

Mercury was used as a treatment for syphilis, although it was often ineffective and could lead to severe side effects.

Quarantine was used to prevent the spread of infectious diseases by isolating infected individuals or groups.

Bloodletting was used to treat a wide range of illnesses, including headaches, fever, and pneumonia, based on the belief that it could restore the balance of humors in the body.

Midwives played a vital role in assisting with childbirth, providing prenatal care, and educating women about reproductive health.

The Surgery of Rogerius was a comprehensive surgical text that included detailed descriptions of surgical procedures, instruments, and techniques.

Medieval physicians used various methods to treat wounds, including applying poultices, using leeches, and cauterization.

Herbal remedies were widely used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including colds, stomach ailments, and skin infections.