Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, known as restriction sites.

Genetic engineering is the process of transferring a gene from one organism to another.

PCR is a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence by using a DNA polymerase enzyme.

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism that has had its genetic material altered.

DNA microarrays allow scientists to study the expression of genes by measuring the levels of mRNA transcripts.

Transgenesis is the insertion of a foreign gene into the genome of an organism.

Gene replacement therapy is the process of using gene therapy to treat diseases by replacing a defective gene with a functional one.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to the DNA sequence of an organism.

Transduction is the process of transferring a gene from one organism to another using a virus as a vector.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size.

Conjugation is the process of transferring a gene from one organism to another using a bacterium as a vector.

RNA sequencing allows scientists to study the interactions between genes by measuring the levels of RNA transcripts.

Transformation is the process of transferring a gene from one organism to another using a plasmid as a vector.

Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences.

Transduction is the process of transferring a gene from one organism to another using a virus as a vector.