The Palma Ratio is a measure of economic inequality that compares the share of income held by the top 10% of earners to the share of income held by the bottom 40% of earners.

The Palma Ratio is calculated by dividing the share of income held by the top 10% of earners by the share of income held by the bottom 40% of earners.

A high Palma Ratio indicates high levels of economic inequality, as it means that the top 10% of earners are receiving a disproportionately large share of the income compared to the bottom 40% of earners.

A low Palma Ratio indicates low levels of economic inequality, as it means that the top 10% of earners are receiving a relatively small share of the income compared to the bottom 40% of earners.

Globalization can contribute to a high Palma Ratio by increasing the demand for skilled labor and reducing the demand for unskilled labor, which can lead to a widening income gap between the top 10% of earners and the bottom 40% of earners.

Progressive taxation can contribute to a low Palma Ratio by redistributing income from the top 10% of earners to the bottom 40% of earners, which can help to reduce income inequality.

The United States has the highest Palma Ratio in the world, with a ratio of 18.1 in 2016. This means that the top 10% of earners in the United States receive 18.1 times more income than the bottom 40% of earners.

Sweden has the lowest Palma Ratio in the world, with a ratio of 2.1 in 2016. This means that the top 10% of earners in Sweden receive only 2.1 times more income than the bottom 40% of earners.

The Palma Ratio in the United States has increased over time, from 8.1 in 1980 to 18.1 in 2016. This means that income inequality in the United States has increased over time.

The Palma Ratio in Sweden has decreased over time, from 3.1 in 1980 to 2.1 in 2016. This means that income inequality in Sweden has decreased over time.

The Palma Ratio can be used to inform policy decisions aimed at reducing income inequality. Governments can implement progressive taxation, strengthen labor unions, and promote social mobility in order to reduce the Palma Ratio and create a more equitable society.

There are a number of challenges in reducing the Palma Ratio, including globalization, technological change, and political opposition. Globalization can increase income inequality by increasing the demand for skilled labor and reducing the demand for unskilled labor. Technological change can also increase income inequality by automating jobs that are typically held by low-wage workers. Political opposition can make it difficult to implement policies that are aimed at reducing income inequality.

Reducing the Palma Ratio can have a number of potential benefits, including increased economic growth, reduced social unrest, and improved health and well-being. Increased economic growth can occur because a more equitable distribution of income can lead to increased consumer spending and investment. Reduced social unrest can occur because people are less likely to feel left behind and resentful if they feel that they are getting a fair share of the economic pie. Improved health and well-being can occur because people who have more money are able to afford better healthcare, housing, and education.

The Palma Ratio is not a perfect measure of economic inequality. It is a simple measure that is easy to calculate, but it does not take into account all aspects of economic inequality. For example, the Palma Ratio does not take into account the distribution of wealth, which can also be a significant source of inequality. Additionally, the Palma Ratio can be misleading in countries where there is a large middle class. In these countries, the Palma Ratio may be low, even though there is still a significant amount of inequality between the top 10% of earners and the bottom 40% of earners.

There are a number of other measures of economic inequality, including the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index, and the Theil index. These measures are all based on different formulas, but they all attempt to measure the extent to which income is distributed equally or unequally among a population.