Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia.

The blood-brain barrier is a network of blood vessels that helps to protect the brain from harmful substances in the blood. It does this by tightly regulating what can enter and leave the brain.

Gene replacement therapy involves introducing a functional gene into a patient's cells to correct a genetic defect. This can be done using a variety of methods, including viral vectors and nanoparticles.

Beta-amyloid is a protein that is aggregated in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease. It is thought to play a role in the development of the disease.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a type of stem cell that can be generated from adult cells. They have the potential to be used to treat a variety of diseases, including neurological disorders.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that involves implanting a device into the brain to stimulate neural activity. It is used to treat a variety of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and dystonia.

Checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy that involves using a patient's own immune system to fight cancer. They work by blocking checkpoints on immune cells, which allows the immune cells to attack cancer cells more effectively.

The HTT gene is mutated in Huntington's disease. This mutation leads to the production of a toxic protein that causes damage to neurons in the brain.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields to create images of the brain. It is used to diagnose a variety of neurological disorders, including stroke, tumors, and multiple sclerosis.

Synuclein is a protein that is aggregated in the brains of people with Parkinson's disease. It is thought to play a role in the development of the disease.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a type of gene editing technology that involves using a CRISPR-Cas system to make precise changes to DNA. It is a powerful tool that has the potential to be used to treat a variety of diseases, including neurological disorders.

Lobectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the brain to treat epilepsy. It is typically used to treat focal epilepsy, which is a type of epilepsy that originates from a specific area of the brain.

Dystonia is a type of neurological disorder that affects the ability to control movement. It is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that can cause twisting, repetitive movements or abnormal postures.

Myelin basic protein is a protein that is aggregated in the brains of people with multiple sclerosis. It is thought to play a role in the development of the disease.

Aphasia is a type of neurological disorder that affects the ability to communicate. It can cause difficulty with speaking, understanding language, or both.