Kantianism, based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, emphasizes the importance of individual rights and responsibilities, arguing that moral actions should be based on universal moral principles that apply to all rational beings.

Utilitarianism, as proposed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, holds that the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, aiming to maximize overall well-being.

Cultural Relativism emphasizes the importance of cultural diversity and the preservation of cultural identities, arguing that moral values and beliefs are relative to the particular culture in which they are held.

Communitarianism emphasizes the importance of community and social bonds, arguing that the individual's moral obligations are primarily determined by their membership in a particular community, rather than by universal moral principles.

Cosmopolitanism promotes the idea of a global community where individuals have moral obligations to all other individuals, regardless of their nationality or cultural background, advocating for global cooperation and justice.

Sovereignty emphasizes the importance of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, arguing that each state has the right to govern itself without external interference.

Interventionism involves the use of military force or other means to influence the internal affairs of another state, often with the aim of promoting certain political or humanitarian objectives.

Humanitarian Intervention is a controversial topic in international relations, with debates surrounding its legality, effectiveness, and potential unintended consequences.

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) was adopted by the United Nations in 2005 and aims to prevent and respond to mass atrocities and human rights violations, including genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.

Distributive Justice focuses on the fair and equitable distribution of resources and opportunities among individuals and groups in society.

Retributive Justice seeks to punish wrongdoers in proportion to the harm they have caused, with the aim of deterring future wrongdoing and upholding the rule of law.

Restorative Justice aims to address the underlying causes of crime and promote healing and reconciliation between victims and offenders, rather than solely focusing on punishment.

Procedural Justice focuses on the fairness of the processes and procedures used to make decisions and administer justice, rather than solely on the outcomes of those decisions.

Intercultural Dialogue emphasizes the importance of dialogue and cooperation among different cultures and civilizations, promoting understanding, mutual respect, and peaceful coexistence.

Theories of Global Ethics and International Relations offer frameworks for analyzing and addressing moral issues that arise in the interactions between states, cultures, and individuals on a global scale.