Stratigraphy aims to establish the chronological order of rock layers, providing insights into Earth's geological history.

The Principle of Superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest layer is at the top.

Lithification is the process by which loose sediments, such as sand, mud, and gravel, are transformed into solid rock through compaction, cementation, and recrystallization.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments, including organic matter, over time.

A stratum is a distinct layer of rock with uniform characteristics, such as composition, texture, and color.

Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock, either above or below the Earth's surface.

Metamorphism is the process by which existing rocks are transformed into new rocks with different mineral compositions and textures due to heat, pressure, and chemical reactions.

Hydrothermal rocks are formed from the alteration of existing rocks by hydrothermal fluids, often associated with volcanic activity.

Erosion is the process by which rocks are broken down and removed by wind, water, and ice, shaping the Earth's surface.

Pyroclastic rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of volcanic ash and fragments, ejected during volcanic eruptions.

Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down and altered by chemical reactions with water and oxygen, causing changes in their composition and appearance.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments, including organic matter such as plant remains.

A marker bed is a distinctive layer of rock that can be traced over a wide area and is used for correlation, helping geologists to identify and compare rock sequences in different locations.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments, including sand and gravel.

Paleontology is the study of fossils and their use in determining the age and environment of rock formations, providing insights into past life and Earth's history.