Intrinsic value is a philosophical concept that refers to the inherent worth of something, regardless of its usefulness or exchange value. In economics, value is typically determined by supply and demand, not by any inherent qualities.

The labor theory of value, which was developed by classical economists such as Adam Smith and Karl Marx, argues that the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor required to produce it.

Ethics plays a role in economics in a number of ways, including promoting economic growth, ensuring fair distribution of resources, and protecting the environment. For example, economists may consider the ethical implications of different policies, such as whether a particular policy will benefit the rich at the expense of the poor.

History is not as closely related to economics as the other social sciences listed. While history can provide insights into economic phenomena, it is not a social science in the same way that sociology, psychology, and political science are.

Economics and politics are closely intertwined, as economic policies are often influenced by political considerations, and political decisions can have significant economic consequences.

Behavioral economics is not a major school of economic thought in the same way that classical economics, Keynesian economics, and Marxian economics are. Behavioral economics is a relatively new field that studies the psychological factors that influence economic decision-making.

One of the main criticisms of classical economics is that it is too simplistic. Classical economists often assume that people are rational and self-interested, and that markets are always in equilibrium. This assumption is often unrealistic, as people are often irrational and markets are not always in equilibrium.

One of the main criticisms of Keynesian economics is that it is too interventionist. Keynesian economists believe that the government should intervene in the economy to stimulate demand and promote economic growth. This can lead to government overreach and unintended consequences.

One of the main criticisms of Marxian economics is that it is too focused on class conflict. Marxian economists believe that the economy is divided into two classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and that these two classes are in constant conflict with each other. This focus on class conflict can lead to a neglect of other important factors that influence economic outcomes.

Economics today faces a number of challenges, including the rise of globalization, the increasing complexity of the economy, the growing inequality between rich and poor, and the threat of climate change. These challenges require economists to develop new theories and policies to address them.