To ensure that public health policies are based on the latest scientific evidence.

To promote the use of research findings in policymaking.

To improve the quality of public health policies.

To increase the efficiency of public health programs.

Identifying the problem or issue, gathering evidence, assessing the evidence, and making recommendations.

Developing a policy, implementing the policy, and evaluating the policy.

Advocating for the policy, securing funding for the policy, and monitoring the policy.

Disseminating the policy, training stakeholders on the policy, and providing technical assistance.

Lack of relevant research evidence, poor quality of research evidence, and difficulty in interpreting research findings.

Political considerations, resource constraints, and resistance to change.

Lack of communication between researchers and policymakers, and lack of capacity to use research evidence.

All of the above.

Investing in research that is relevant to policy needs, improving the quality of research evidence, and increasing the accessibility of research findings.

Promoting collaboration between researchers and policymakers, building capacity to use research evidence, and creating a culture of evidence-based policymaking.

Advocating for policies that support the use of research evidence, providing incentives for policymakers to use research evidence, and holding policymakers accountable for using research evidence.

All of the above.

Tobacco control policies, such as smoke-free laws and tobacco taxes.

Vaccination programs, such as the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine.

School-based health programs, such as comprehensive sex education and nutrition programs.

All of the above.

To provide evidence on the effectiveness of different interventions.

To identify the causes of public health problems.

To develop new and innovative approaches to public health.

All of the above.

Lack of political will.

Lack of resources.

Lack of public awareness.

All of the above.

Conducting high-quality research.

Disseminating research findings to policymakers.

Building relationships between researchers and policymakers.

All of the above.

To provide input on the research agenda.

To review and comment on research findings.

To help implement and evaluate policies.

All of the above.

It can lead to more effective and efficient policies.

It can help to ensure that policies are based on the best available evidence.

It can help to build public trust in government.

All of the above.

It can be time-consuming and expensive.

It may not always be possible to find high-quality evidence.

It may not always be possible to translate research findings into policy.

All of the above.

Values can influence the choice of research questions.

Values can influence the interpretation of research findings.

Values can influence the selection of policy options.

All of the above.

Lack of data.

Lack of resources.

Lack of political will.

All of the above.

Investing in data collection and analysis.

Developing better evaluation methods.

Building capacity for evaluation.

All of the above.

Evidence-based policymaking will become more widely adopted.

There will be more emphasis on using high-quality evidence.

There will be more collaboration between researchers and policymakers.

All of the above.