Free will is often understood as the ability to make choices without being coerced or constrained by external factors, allowing individuals to exercise their own agency and autonomy.

Hard determinism posits that all events, including human decisions, are causally determined by preceding events and circumstances, leaving no room for genuine free will.

Compatibilism seeks to reconcile the concepts of free will and determinism by arguing that they are not necessarily mutually exclusive, allowing for both personal responsibility and the influence of external factors on decision-making.

Libertarianism posits that free will originates from an uncaused and spontaneous aspect of the human mind, allowing individuals to make choices that are not entirely determined by prior causes.

Rational analysis involves the conscious and deliberate consideration of relevant information, weighing pros and cons, and applying logical reasoning to arrive at a decision.

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that allow individuals to make decisions based on limited information and computational resources, often relying on past experiences and rules of thumb.

The availability heuristic is a cognitive bias that leads individuals to make judgments and decisions based on information that is easily accessible and comes to mind quickly, even if it may not be representative or reliable.

The framing effect refers to the influence of the way information is presented on decision-making, leading individuals to make different choices depending on how the options are framed, even if the underlying facts remain the same.

Anchoring bias occurs when individuals are influenced by an initial piece of information, known as the anchor, and tend to make subsequent judgments and decisions relative to that anchor, even if it may not be relevant or accurate.

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to seek out, interpret, and remember information that confirms existing beliefs, while ignoring or discounting information that contradicts those beliefs.

Associative thinking refers to the cognitive process by which thoughts, ideas, and memories are linked together based on their similarity, contiguity, or contrast, often leading to the generation of new ideas and insights.

Intuition refers to the ability to make decisions or judgments based on gut feelings, hunches, or sudden insights without conscious deliberation or analysis, often relying on past experiences, knowledge, and subconscious processing.

Outcome evaluation refers to the cognitive process of assessing the potential outcomes and consequences of different decisions or actions, considering their desirability, feasibility, and alignment with personal goals and values.

Emotional reasoning refers to the tendency to make decisions and judgments based on emotional responses and feelings, rather than logical reasoning or analysis, often leading to impulsive or biased choices.

Systems thinking refers to the cognitive process of understanding a situation or problem as a complex system, considering the interactions and relationships between different elements and factors, and seeking holistic solutions that address the interconnectedness of the system.