A ligand is a molecule that binds to a receptor on the surface of a cell, triggering a cellular response.

A receptor's primary function is to receive and bind to a specific ligand, initiating a cellular response.

G-protein coupled receptors are responsible for detecting and transmitting signals from various chemical ligands.

Second messengers amplify the signal received by the receptor, allowing for a more robust cellular response.

The cAMP signaling pathway is known for its rapid activation and involvement in various cellular processes.

Protein kinases phosphorylate other proteins, altering their activity and contributing to the cellular response.

Juxtacrine signaling occurs when cells communicate through direct physical contact, exchanging signals via cell surface molecules.

G-proteins activate second messengers, which then amplify and transmit the signal within the cell.

The TGF-beta signaling pathway is known for its involvement in long-term cellular responses, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Transcription factors regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and influencing the transcription of genes.

Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to target cells in distant parts of the body.

Kinase cascades amplify the signal by sequentially activating multiple kinases, resulting in a stronger cellular response.

The MAP kinase signaling pathway is known for its involvement in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.

Nuclear receptors regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and influencing the transcription of genes.

Synaptic signaling involves the release of neurotransmitters at synapses, allowing neurons to communicate with each other.