Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a half-life of 12.3 years. It is produced in nuclear fusion reactions as a byproduct of the fusion of deuterium and tritium.

Tritium has a relatively long half-life of 12.3 years, which means it takes a long time for it to decay and become non-radioactive. This poses a challenge for waste management as it requires long-term storage and disposal solutions.

Tritium waste is typically managed by storing it in deep geological repositories. These repositories are located deep underground in stable geological formations, such as salt domes or granite, to ensure long-term isolation from the environment.

The disposal of tritium waste poses several challenges, including the high cost of disposal, the lack of suitable disposal sites, and the potential for leakage and contamination of the environment.

Canada has the most experience in managing tritium waste due to its long-standing nuclear fusion research program. The country has developed and implemented several innovative technologies for tritium waste management, including deep geological repositories and plasma-based waste treatment systems.

The main goal of nuclear fusion waste management is to reduce the volume of waste, minimize the environmental impact, and ensure the safe and secure disposal of waste.

Several promising technologies are being developed to reduce the volume of tritium waste, including plasma-based waste treatment, chemical separation techniques, and ion exchange chromatography.

The development of nuclear fusion waste management technologies faces several challenges, including the high cost of research and development, the lack of technical expertise, and regulatory uncertainties.

International cooperation plays a crucial role in nuclear fusion waste management by facilitating the sharing of research and development成果, developing common standards and regulations, and promoting the safe and secure disposal of waste.

Key milestones in the development of nuclear fusion waste management technologies include the successful demonstration of plasma-based waste treatment, the development of advanced chemical separation techniques, and the establishment of international standards for nuclear fusion waste management.

Future directions for research and development in nuclear fusion waste management include the development of more efficient waste treatment technologies, investigation of alternative waste disposal methods, and study of the long-term behavior of tritium in the environment.

Key challenges that need to be addressed to ensure the safe and sustainable management of nuclear fusion waste include the development of cost-effective waste treatment technologies, establishment of robust regulatory frameworks, and public acceptance and engagement.

Public engagement plays a crucial role in nuclear fusion waste management by informing the public about waste management practices, gathering public input on waste management policies, and building public trust and confidence in waste management practices.

Key milestones that need to be achieved to ensure the successful implementation of nuclear fusion waste management technologies include the demonstration of waste treatment technologies at pilot scale, development of robust regulatory frameworks, and establishment of public acceptance and trust.

The ultimate goal of nuclear fusion waste management is to eliminate the production of nuclear fusion waste, minimize the environmental impact of nuclear fusion waste, and ensure the safe and secure disposal of nuclear fusion waste.