DNA sequences

Protein structures

Medical images

Gene expression data

To identify similarities and differences between genomes of different species

To study the evolution of genes and genomes

To develop new drugs and therapies

To create synthetic organisms

Dynamic programming

Machine learning

Monte Carlo simulation

Principal component analysis

To identify the evolutionary relationships among different species

To predict protein structures

To design new drugs

To analyze gene expression data

Drug discovery and design

Disease diagnosis and prognosis

Personalized medicine

All of the above

The high dimensionality of the protein folding problem

The lack of experimental data on protein structures

The computational cost of simulating protein folding

All of the above

To predict how a drug molecule binds to a target protein

To identify potential drug targets

To design new drug molecules

To test the efficacy of drug candidates

Cluster analysis

Principal component analysis

Differential expression analysis

All of the above

To understand the behavior of biological systems as a whole

To identify individual genes and proteins involved in a biological process

To develop new drugs and therapies

To create synthetic organisms

Ordinary differential equations

Partial differential equations

Agent-based models

Linear regression models

To develop computational tools and databases for biological data analysis

To apply mathematical and computational techniques to study biological systems

To integrate biological data from different sources

All of the above

Crop yield prediction

Pest and disease management

Genetic engineering of crops

All of the above

The high computational cost

The lack of accurate models

The difficulty in obtaining experimental data

All of the above

Heat maps

Scatter plots

Bar charts

Phylogenetic trees

To identify patterns and relationships in biological data

To develop predictive models for biological systems

To design new drugs and therapies

All of the above