Utilitarianism, as propounded by philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, focuses on maximizing overall happiness and minimizing suffering in society.

Deontological theories, such as those proposed by Immanuel Kant, emphasize the importance of following moral rules and duties, regardless of the consequences.

Virtue ethics, as advocated by philosophers like Aristotle, focuses on cultivating moral virtues such as courage, honesty, and justice as the foundation for ethical decision-making.

John Rawls' theory of justice, presented in his book 'A Theory of Justice,' emphasizes the importance of fairness and equality in distributing social and economic benefits.

Egalitarianism is an ethical theory that promotes equality and fairness in society, advocating for equal rights, opportunities, and treatment for all individuals.

Libertarian theories, such as those proposed by Robert Nozick, emphasize the importance of protecting individual liberty and autonomy, often prioritizing it over other ethical considerations.

Rights theory, as propounded by philosophers like John Locke, emphasizes the inherent and inalienable rights of individuals, which should be respected and protected.

Communitarian theories, such as those proposed by Amitai Etzioni, emphasize the importance of social harmony, cooperation, and the well-being of the community as a whole.

Feminist theories in political ethics aim to address gender inequality, discrimination, and oppression, advocating for policies and practices that promote gender equality and justice.

Environmental ethics, as propounded by philosophers like Aldo Leopold and Holmes Rolston III, focuses on the ethical responsibilities humans have towards the natural environment and non-human species.

Distributive justice theories, such as those proposed by John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, focus on the fair and equitable distribution of resources, benefits, and burdens within a society.

Transparency and accountability theory emphasizes the importance of transparency, honesty, and accountability in political decision-making and governance.

Theories of political legitimacy aim to explain and justify the authority of political institutions and the right of governments to exercise power over citizens.

Participatory democracy theory emphasizes the importance of active participation and deliberation by citizens in political decision-making processes.

Theories of global justice focus on addressing global inequalities, injustices, and the ethical responsibilities of nations towards each other.