Aristotle's metaphysics revolves around the concepts of substance, form, and matter. Substance is the underlying reality of a thing, form is the essence or structure of a thing, and matter is the material out of which a thing is made.

Aristotle's logic, known as syllogistic logic, is a formal system of reasoning that aims to provide a method for reaching valid conclusions from given premises.

Aristotle's ethics is centered around the concept of eudaimonia, often translated as 'happiness' or 'flourishing'. He believed that the highest good for humans is to live a life in accordance with reason and virtue.

Aristotle argued that the best form of government is a mixed government, which combines elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. He believed that this type of government would be the most stable and just.

Thomas Aquinas, a prominent Scholastic thinker, was known as the 'Doctor Angelicus' due to his profound understanding of theology and philosophy. He was a major proponent of Aristotelian thought and sought to reconcile it with Christian doctrine.

Duns Scotus, another influential Scholastic thinker, founded the philosophical school known as Scotism. This school emphasized the role of individual existence and the distinction between essence and existence.

William of Ockham, a renowned Scholastic philosopher, argued for the primacy of faith over reason. He believed that theological truths cannot be proven through rational arguments alone and that faith is the ultimate source of knowledge.

Occam's Razor is the principle that states that entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity. It is attributed to William of Ockham and is often used as a heuristic principle in philosophy and science.

Siger of Brabant, a prominent Scholastic philosopher, was known for his theory of double truth. This theory posits that there can be two truths: one that is true according to faith and one that is true according to reason, even if they appear to contradict each other.

Nominalism is the philosophical movement that emphasizes the importance of individual experience and rejects abstract universals. It asserts that only individual things exist and that universals are merely names or mental constructs.

Thomas Aquinas, a prominent Scholastic philosopher, argued that God's existence can be proven through rational arguments. He formulated five proofs for the existence of God, known as the Five Ways, which attempt to demonstrate God's existence based on various aspects of the natural world.

Thomism is the philosophical school founded by Thomas Aquinas. It is a synthesis of Aristotelian thought and Christian theology, emphasizing the harmony between reason and faith. Thomism has been a major influence in Catholic thought and philosophy.

Bonaventure, a prominent Franciscan Scholastic philosopher, emphasized the importance of divine illumination in the acquisition of knowledge. He believed that human reason is limited and that divine grace is necessary for the understanding of spiritual truths.

Scholasticism is the philosophical movement that sought to reconcile Aristotelian thought with Christian theology. It flourished in the Middle Ages and was characterized by the use of logic and reason to explore theological and philosophical questions.