Scanline rendering is a rasterization technique that processes the image from top to bottom, one scanline at a time.

Z-buffering is a technique used to determine which objects are visible and which are hidden in a 3D scene.

Ray tracing is a technique that simulates the path of light rays through a scene to create realistic shadows and reflections.

Mipmapping is a technique used to reduce texture aliasing by generating multiple versions of a texture at different resolutions.

Gouraud shading is a technique used to create smooth transitions between adjacent polygons by interpolating the colors at the vertices.

A normal map is a texture that stores the surface orientation of an object, which is used to calculate lighting and shading effects.

Ray tracing is a technique that simulates the path of light rays through a scene to create realistic reflections and shadows.

Alpha blending is a technique used to combine multiple images or textures together, allowing for the creation of transparent objects.

Occlusion culling is a technique used to optimize the rendering of large 3D scenes by identifying and removing objects that are hidden from the viewer.

A vertex shader is a program that operates on individual vertices, typically used to transform their positions, orientations, or other attributes.

Fresnel equations are used to calculate the amount of light that is reflected and refracted at a surface, which is essential for creating realistic water effects.

A pixel shader is a program that operates on individual pixels, typically used to calculate lighting and shading effects.

Strand-based rendering is a technique used to create realistic hair and fur effects by simulating the individual strands of hair or fur.

A geometry shader is a program that operates on individual primitives (e.g., triangles), typically used to generate new geometry or modify existing geometry.

Particle systems are used to create realistic smoke and fire effects by simulating the behavior of individual particles.