Platonism asserts that mathematical objects, such as numbers and geometric figures, exist in an abstract realm of Forms, independent of human thought and experience.

Proofs in number theory serve to establish the validity of mathematical statements, ensuring their logical consistency and correctness within the framework of accepted axioms and definitions.

The 'unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics' refers to the remarkable ability of mathematical concepts and structures to describe and predict physical phenomena, suggesting a deep connection between mathematics and the fundamental laws of nature.

Axioms in number theory serve as the fundamental building blocks upon which the entire subject is constructed. They provide a starting point for deductive reasoning, allowing mathematicians to derive new theorems and establish the validity of mathematical statements.

Intuitionism emphasizes the role of human intuition and experience in mathematical knowledge, rejecting the idea of absolute mathematical truth and instead viewing mathematics as a product of mental constructions and proofs.

Prime numbers are the fundamental building blocks of all natural numbers, as every natural number can be expressed as a unique product of prime numbers.

Mathematics is often viewed as a tool for describing and understanding the patterns and structures observed in the real world, rather than a direct reflection of reality itself.

The Goldbach conjecture is a famous unsolved problem in number theory, stating that every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.

Constructivism emphasizes the importance of constructing mathematical objects and concepts from basic principles, step-by-step, rather than relying on axioms or intuition.

The Riemann hypothesis is a famous unsolved problem in number theory, which establishes a connection between the distribution of prime numbers and the zeros of the Riemann zeta function, a complex function.

Many philosophers and mathematicians believe that mathematical truth is absolute and objective, existing independently of human beliefs or interpretations.

Fermat's Last Theorem is a famous theorem in number theory, which states that there are no three positive integers a, b, and c that can satisfy the equation a^n + b^n = c^n for any integer value of n greater than 2.

Formalism emphasizes the importance of formal systems and logical proofs in mathematics, viewing mathematics as a purely symbolic game played according to certain rules.

The concept of infinity in number theory allows mathematicians to study infinite sets and sequences, explore the properties of infinite sums and products, and investigate the behavior of functions as they approach infinity.

Many philosophers and mathematicians view mathematics and logic as closely intertwined disciplines, with logic providing the foundation for mathematical reasoning and mathematics providing concrete examples and applications of logical principles.