Humanism emphasized the value of human reason and experience, promoting the idea that individuals could use their own intellect to understand the world and make moral choices.

John Locke is widely regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of the Enlightenment, known for his theories on natural rights, social contract, and the separation of powers.

The Scientific Revolution was a period of significant scientific progress, characterized by the questioning of traditional beliefs and the development of new theories and methods in fields such as astronomy, physics, and biology.

Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system, challenging the prevailing geocentric model.

The Enlightenment emphasized the importance of reason, logic, and scientific inquiry, leading to advancements in various fields and a shift in intellectual and cultural perspectives.

Voltaire was a prominent advocate for the separation of church and state, believing that religious and political authority should be distinct.

The social contract theory, popularized by philosophers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, argues that individuals voluntarily enter into an agreement with the government, granting it authority in exchange for protection and the preservation of rights.

Adam Smith is widely regarded as the father of modern economics, known for his influential work 'The Wealth of Nations', which laid the foundations of classical economic theory.

The French Revolution was a period of radical political and social upheaval, aiming to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that humans are inherently good and that society corrupts their natural goodness. He argued for a return to a simpler, more natural state of existence.

Utilitarianism, popularized by philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, argues that the best action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

John Locke believed that knowledge is derived from experience, rejecting the idea of innate ideas. He argued that the mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa) at birth and that all knowledge is acquired through sensory experience.

The American Revolution was a war of independence fought by the thirteen American colonies against British rule, resulting in the establishment of the United States of America.

Thomas Hobbes believed that the state of nature is a state of war, where individuals are in constant competition and conflict with each other. He argued that the only way to escape this state is to create a strong government that can enforce peace and order.