The University of Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, was founded in 859 AD and is recognized as the oldest continuously operating university in the world.

Arabic was the primary language of instruction in medieval Islamic universities, as it was the language of the Quran and Islamic scholarship.

Philosophy was generally not taught in medieval Islamic universities, as it was considered a controversial subject that could lead to religious conflict.

Religious scholars in medieval Islamic universities played a multifaceted role, encompassing teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities.

Islamic scholars made significant contributions to the development of algebra, including the introduction of new concepts and techniques.

Madrasas were primarily established to provide religious education and train individuals in Islamic law and theology.

Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus were all prominent centers of learning and scholarship in the medieval Islamic world, attracting scholars and students from across the region.

The Crusades led to increased cultural exchange between the Islamic world and Europe, resulting in the transmission of knowledge and ideas between the two regions.

A combination of political instability, economic decline, and the spread of disease contributed to the decline of Islamic universities in the late medieval period.

The modern higher education system in the Middle East began to emerge in the 19th century, influenced by European models and the need for skilled professionals in various fields.

Egypt was the first country in the Middle East to establish a modern university, with the founding of Cairo University in 1908.

Modern universities in the Middle East were established with the aim of training professionals for government service, promoting scientific research, and preserving cultural heritage.

Higher education in the Middle East faced challenges such as lack of funding, political interference, and brain drain in the 20th century.

Recent trends in higher education in the Middle East include increased privatization, expansion of online learning, and a focus on entrepreneurship and innovation.

Higher education in the Middle East continues to face challenges such as quality assurance, access and equity, and relevance to labor market needs.