The atomic bonding at the surface of a material determines the arrangement and properties of surface atoms, influencing its structure and behavior.

Surface energy is the energy required to create a new surface, and it is directly proportional to the work done in the process.

Surface reconstruction refers to the rearrangement of surface atoms to achieve a lower energy state and a more stable surface structure.

Surface segregation is the process by which certain atomic species migrate to and accumulate at the surface of a material, resulting in a compositional change at the surface.

Adsorption on a surface is primarily driven by chemical bonding interactions between the adsorbate and the surface atoms.

Chemisorption is characterized by the formation of strong covalent or ionic bonds between the adsorbate and the surface atoms, resulting in a significant change in the surface properties.

Desorption is the process by which an adsorbed atom or molecule overcomes the surface binding energy and leaves the surface to return to the gas phase.

Surface defects and imperfections can significantly affect the surface reactivity by introducing active sites and altering the surface electronic structure.

The wettability of a surface is primarily determined by the surface energy and its interaction with the liquid, which is quantified by the contact angle.

Surface self-assembly refers to the spontaneous organization of molecules or atoms on a surface into well-defined patterns or structures.

Charge transfer involves the exchange of electrons between the metal surface and the adsorbed species, leading to the formation of an electric dipole at the interface.

The work function of a surface is the minimum energy required for an electron to escape from the surface and enter the vacuum.

Thermionic emission is the process by which electrons are emitted from a metal surface due to thermal energy overcoming the work function barrier.

Photoemission is the process by which electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it absorbs photons with sufficient energy to overcome the work function barrier.

Field emission is the process by which electrons are emitted from a metal surface due to the application of a strong electric field that lowers the work function barrier.