Rousseau believed that music is a natural and universal language that can communicate emotions and ideas across cultures.

Nettl argues that music serves a variety of functions in human societies, including entertainment, communication, and ritual.

Ethnomusicology is the study of the relationship between music and culture, including the role of music in different societies, the ways in which music is used to communicate and express cultural values, and the relationship between music and other aspects of culture such as language, dance, and religion.

Lévi-Strauss argued that music is a form of symbolic communication that can reveal the underlying values and beliefs of a culture. He believed that music can provide insights into the way that a culture thinks about the world and its place in it.

Music psychology, music cognition, and neuromusicology are all fields of study that investigate the relationship between music and the mind. These fields examine how music is processed by the brain, how it affects our emotions and behavior, and how it can be used to improve our cognitive abilities.

Pythagoras believed that music is a form of knowledge that can reveal the true nature of reality. He argued that the mathematical ratios that govern musical harmony are also found in the structure of the universe.

Music and embodiment, music and dance, and music and movement are all fields of study that investigate the relationship between music and the body. These fields examine how music affects our physical and emotional states, how it can be used to promote healing and well-being, and how it can be used to create new forms of artistic expression.

Turner argued that music is a form of social action that can be used to create and maintain social bonds. He believed that music can help to create a sense of community and solidarity, and that it can be used to express and resolve social conflicts.

Gender and music, music and sexuality, and music and identity are all fields of study that investigate the relationship between music and gender. These fields examine how music is used to construct and express gender identities, how it is used to negotiate gender relations, and how it can be used to challenge gender stereotypes.

Schopenhauer argued that music is a form of art that can express the inexpressible. He believed that music can communicate emotions and ideas that cannot be expressed in words.

Music and politics, music and ideology, and music and power are all fields of study that investigate the relationship between music and politics. These fields examine how music is used to express political ideas, how it is used to mobilize people for political action, and how it is used to legitimize political power.

Taussig argued that music is a form of cultural resistance that can be used to challenge the status quo. He believed that music can provide a voice for the voiceless and that it can help to create a sense of solidarity among those who are oppressed.

Music and religion, music and spirituality, and music and ritual are all fields of study that investigate the relationship between music and religion. These fields examine how music is used in religious rituals, how it is used to express religious beliefs, and how it can be used to create a sense of spiritual connection.

Nietzsche argued that music is a form of play that can help us to understand the world. He believed that music can help us to see the world in new ways and that it can help us to break free from the constraints of everyday life.

Music and technology, music and media, and music and digital culture are all fields of study that investigate the relationship between music and technology. These fields examine how technology is used to create and distribute music, how it is used to change the way that we listen to music, and how it is used to create new forms of musical expression.