Water quality monitoring aims to identify and measure the presence of pollutants or contaminants in water sources, such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater, to assess their potential impact on human health and the environment.

Coagulation and flocculation are water treatment processes that involve the addition of chemicals to cause suspended particles to clump together and form larger flocs, which can then be removed by sedimentation or filtration.

Disinfection is a water treatment process that involves the use of chemicals or physical methods to kill or inactivate harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, present in water.

Reverse osmosis is a water treatment process that uses a semipermeable membrane to separate pure water from dissolved salts, minerals, and other impurities by applying pressure to force water molecules through the membrane.

Eutrophication is a process that occurs when water bodies receive excessive nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can lead to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and a decline in water quality.

Rainwater harvesting is a water conservation practice that involves collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, gutters, and other surfaces for later use, such as irrigation, car washing, or toilet flushing.

Water recycling, also known as wastewater reuse, is the process of treating wastewater to remove pollutants and make it suitable for reuse for various purposes, such as irrigation, industrial processes, or groundwater recharge.

Water impoundment is a water resources management strategy that involves the construction of dams, reservoirs, or other structures to store water for later use, such as during droughts or for irrigation purposes.

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is a comprehensive approach to managing water resources that considers the interactions between water, land, and other resources, as well as the needs of both humans and the environment.

Biological treatment is a water pollution control measure that utilizes natural processes, such as the use of bacteria or other microorganisms, to break down and remove pollutants from wastewater.

Water conservation refers to the practices and measures taken to reduce the amount of water used for various purposes, such as irrigation, industrial processes, or household activities.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a water quality parameter that measures the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in water, which is essential for aquatic life and the breakdown of organic matter.

Watershed management is a holistic approach to managing and protecting the natural resources within a watershed, which is a land area that drains water into a common body of water, such as a river or lake.

Physical treatment is a water pollution control measure that utilizes physical barriers, such as screens, filters, or sedimentation tanks, to remove suspended solids, debris, and other particles from wastewater.

Nutrient removal is a water pollution control measure that involves the removal of excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from wastewater to prevent eutrophication, which is the process of excessive nutrient enrichment in water bodies leading to algal blooms and oxygen depletion.