The primary objective of an SVM is to find the optimal decision boundary, also known as the hyperplane, that separates the data points of different classes with the largest margin. This margin is the distance between the hyperplane and the closest data points of each class.

Support vectors are the data points that are closest to the hyperplane. These points are critical in determining the orientation and position of the hyperplane, as they define the maximum margin between the two classes.

The Gaussian kernel, also known as the radial basis function (RBF) kernel, is commonly used in SVMs for nonlinearly separable data. It allows the SVM to learn complex decision boundaries by mapping the data points into a higher-dimensional space.

Hyperparameter tuning in SVM involves selecting the optimal values for the regularization parameter (C) and the kernel function parameters (e.g., gamma for the Gaussian kernel). These parameters control the trade-off between model complexity and generalization performance, preventing overfitting or underfitting.

SVMs are less sensitive to outliers in the data compared to other classification algorithms. Outliers can significantly impact the decision boundary of other algorithms, leading to poor generalization performance. However, SVMs focus on finding the maximum margin hyperplane, which is less affected by outliers.

In SVM for classification tasks, the hinge loss function is commonly used. The hinge loss penalizes misclassified data points and has a zero loss for correctly classified points. This loss function encourages the SVM to find a decision boundary with a large margin, resulting in better generalization performance.

The dual formulation of SVM expresses the optimization problem in terms of Lagrange multipliers. This reformulation allows for efficient optimization algorithms to be applied, particularly when dealing with large datasets.

SVM can handle imbalanced datasets by assigning different weights to data points from different classes. This approach gives more importance to the minority class during the optimization process, ensuring that the SVM learns to correctly classify the minority class data points.

Soft margin SVM aims to find the decision boundary that separates the data points with the largest margin, even if it allows some misclassification. This approach introduces a trade-off between the margin size and the number of misclassified data points, allowing for better generalization performance in certain scenarios.

Bagging (Bootstrap Aggregating) is a technique commonly used to improve the performance of SVMs on noisy or complex datasets. Bagging involves training multiple SVMs on different subsets of the data and then combining their predictions to make a final decision. This approach helps reduce variance and improve the generalization performance of the SVM.

SVMs can handle nonlinear relationships between features and the target variable by using kernel functions. Kernel functions allow SVMs to map the data into a higher-dimensional space, where a linear decision boundary can be found. This makes SVMs suitable for regression tasks where the relationship between features and the target variable is nonlinear.

In SVM for regression tasks, the mean squared error (MSE) loss function is commonly used. MSE measures the average of the squared differences between the predicted values and the actual target values. Minimizing MSE encourages the SVM to find a decision boundary that minimizes the overall error in predicting the target variable.

SVMs can be used for multi-class classification problems by training multiple binary SVM classifiers. One common approach is the one-vs-all approach, where a separate SVM classifier is trained for each class against all other classes. Another approach is the one-vs-one approach, where a separate SVM classifier is trained for each pair of classes. The predictions from these binary classifiers are then combined to make a final decision.

The bias term in SVM is used to shift the decision boundary away from the origin. This allows the SVM to handle data that is not linearly separable by adding an offset to the hyperplane. The bias term is learned during the optimization process along with the weights of the features.

L2 regularization (Ridge) is commonly used in SVM to prevent overfitting. L2 regularization adds a penalty term to the objective function that is proportional to the squared value of the weights. This penalty term discourages large weights, which helps prevent the SVM from overfitting to the training data.