Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into smaller, more manageable segments. This is done by dividing the network's IP address space into smaller subnets, each with its own unique subnet mask.

A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. The network portion of the IP address identifies the subnet to which the host belongs, while the host portion identifies the specific host within the subnet.

The network address is the first IP address in a subnet, while the broadcast address is the last IP address in a subnet. The network address is used to identify the subnet, while the broadcast address is used to broadcast messages to all hosts on the subnet.

The maximum number of hosts that can be accommodated in a subnet is 254. This is because the first and last IP addresses in a subnet are reserved for the network address and the broadcast address, respectively.

Public IP addresses are used for communication between devices on the Internet, while private IP addresses are used for communication between devices on a private network. Public IP addresses are assigned by ISPs, while private IP addresses are assigned by network administrators. Public IP addresses are routable on the Internet, while private IP addresses are not.

A default gateway is a device that connects two networks together. It provides Internet access to a network by routing traffic between the network and the Internet. It also routes traffic between different subnets.

A static IP address is assigned to a device permanently, while a dynamic IP address is assigned to a device temporarily. A static IP address is assigned by a network administrator, while a dynamic IP address is assigned by a DHCP server. A static IP address is used for devices that need to be accessible from the Internet, while a dynamic IP address is used for devices that do not need to be accessible from the Internet.

A DHCP server is a device that assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. It provides Internet access to a network by assigning IP addresses to devices that need to access the Internet. It also routes traffic between different subnets.

A router connects two networks together, while a switch connects devices on the same network. A router routes traffic between different subnets, while a switch forwards traffic between devices on the same subnet. A router uses IP addresses to route traffic, while a switch uses MAC addresses to forward traffic.

A firewall is a device that protects a network from unauthorized access. It provides Internet access to a network by allowing authorized traffic to pass through, while blocking unauthorized traffic.

A VPN encrypts traffic between a device and a network, while a proxy server does not. A VPN allows a device to access a network remotely, while a proxy server does not. A VPN uses a private IP address, while a proxy server uses a public IP address.

A DNS server is a device that translates domain names into IP addresses. It provides Internet access to a network by allowing devices to access websites by their domain names, rather than their IP addresses.

A TCP connection is reliable, while a UDP connection is unreliable. A TCP connection is connection-oriented, while a UDP connection is connectionless. A TCP connection uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection, while a UDP connection does not.

A load balancer is a device that distributes traffic across multiple servers. It provides Internet access to a network by allowing multiple servers to share the load of incoming traffic.

A web server serves static content, while an application server serves dynamic content. A web server uses HTTP to communicate with clients, while an application server uses a variety of protocols to communicate with clients. A web server is typically located in a DMZ, while an application server is typically located in a private network.