The arrival of the British in India marked a significant turning point in the historiography of Indian literature, as it led to the introduction of Western literary theories and methodologies, which had a profound impact on the study and interpretation of Indian literary traditions.

Haraprasad Shastri is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of modern Indian literary historiography. His work, particularly his research on Sanskrit literature and his efforts to promote the study of Indian literature in universities, played a crucial role in shaping the field of Indian literary studies.

Orientalism is a key concept in the historiography of Indian literature, as it refers to the ways in which Western scholars and writers have represented and interpreted Indian literature and culture. Orientalist perspectives have been influential in shaping the study of Indian literature, and scholars have engaged in critical examinations and deconstructions of these perspectives.

The 'New Historicist' approach in the historiography of Indian literature focuses on examining the relationship between literature and its historical context. This approach seeks to understand how literary texts are shaped by and reflect the social, political, and cultural conditions of the time in which they were produced.

All of the options are major themes in the historiography of Indian literature. Scholars have explored the influence of Sanskrit literature on regional languages, the role of oral traditions in shaping literary forms, the impact of colonialism on literary expression, and the emergence of modernism and experimentalism in Indian literature.

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a prominent figure in the study of postcolonial Indian literature. Her work has been influential in shaping postcolonial theory and in examining the ways in which colonialism and its legacies continue to impact literary expression and cultural production.

All of the options represent significant developments in the historiography of Indian literature in recent decades. Scholars have increasingly focused on the study of Dalit literature, women's writing, queer studies, and regional literatures, expanding the scope and perspectives of Indian literary studies.

Deconstructive approaches in the historiography of Indian literature aim to uncover hidden meanings and subtexts in literary texts. Deconstructive readings seek to challenge traditional interpretations and explore the ways in which language and power structures shape the meaning and significance of literary works.

All of the options represent major trends in the historiography of Indian literature in the 21st century. Scholars have increasingly employed digital technologies, adopted interdisciplinary approaches, examined the global circulation of Indian literature, and explored the relationship between literature and the environment.

The 'subaltern studies' approach in the historiography of Indian literature is significant because it challenges traditional narratives, focuses on marginalized groups, emphasizes oral traditions, and explores the relationship between literature and social movements. This approach has contributed to a more inclusive and diverse understanding of Indian literary history.

All of the options are key concepts in the historiography of Indian literature related to the study of gender. Scholars have examined the impact of patriarchy, the construction of gender identities, the role of women writers, and the exploration of genderqueer and non-binary identities in Indian literature.

Ecocritical approaches in the historiography of Indian literature focus on analyzing the representation of nature, exploring the relationship between literature and ecological issues, examining the impact of environmental degradation, and investigating the role of literature in promoting environmental awareness. These approaches have contributed to a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness between literature and the environment.

All of the options represent major challenges faced by historians of Indian literature. The scarcity of historical records, the diversity of languages and traditions, the influence of Western theories, and the lack of institutional support pose significant obstacles to the study and interpretation of Indian literary history.

Comparative literature approaches in the historiography of Indian literature aim to examine similarities and differences, explore influence, investigate reception, and promote cross-cultural understanding through literature. These approaches have contributed to a broader and more interconnected understanding of Indian literature within a global context.