The Manusmriti, attributed to the sage Manu, is a pivotal text in Hinduism that outlines the caste system and societal norms.

The Varna system categorizes individuals into four main classes: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and traders), and Shudras (laborers and service providers).

Brahmins are considered the highest caste in the Varna system and are traditionally associated with religious rituals, education, and intellectual pursuits.

Jatis are endogamous social groups within the caste system that share common customs, occupations, and rituals.

Vaishyas are traditionally involved in trade, commerce, agriculture, and other economic activities.

Gotras are patrilineal clans within a caste that regulate marriage and social interactions.

Shudras are traditionally associated with manual labor, menial tasks, and service occupations.

Pravaras are sacred lineages that determine ritual purity and pollution within a caste.

B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent social reformer and leader of the Dalit movement, campaigned against the caste system and fought for the rights of marginalized communities.

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

The Dalit Movement, led by social reformers like B.R. Ambedkar, aimed to abolish untouchability, promote equality, and secure the rights of marginalized communities.

Ascriptive status refers to the social position assigned to an individual based on factors like birth, caste, or ethnicity, rather than personal achievements.

M.N. Srinivas, a renowned Indian anthropologist, conducted extensive research on the caste system, social stratification, and village life in India.

Caste mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one caste to another, either upward or downward, within the caste hierarchy.

Ritual theory, associated with anthropologists like Mary Douglas and Victor Turner, emphasizes the role of ritual practices in maintaining social boundaries and reinforcing social stratification.