Nuclear fusion reactions in the Sun's core generate enormous amounts of energy, which drives solar activity.

Solar flares are sudden and intense bursts of energy and particles from the Sun's atmosphere.

Sunspots are regions on the Sun's surface where magnetic fields are particularly strong and appear as dark spots.

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles continuously emitted from the Sun's corona.

A geomagnetic storm occurs when a coronal mass ejection interacts with Earth's magnetic field, causing disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere.

The stratosphere is the layer of Earth's atmosphere that is primarily responsible for absorbing solar radiation.

Stratospheric warming is the increase in temperature in the stratosphere caused by the absorption of solar radiation.

The thermosphere is the region of Earth's atmosphere where auroras occur.

A geomagnetic storm causes auroras to occur when charged particles from the solar wind interact with Earth's magnetic field.

A rainbow is the phenomenon that occurs when solar radiation interacts with Earth's atmosphere, producing a variety of colors.

A radio blackout is the phenomenon that causes radio communications to be disrupted during solar storms.

A power outage is the phenomenon that causes power grids to be disrupted during solar storms.

A satellite malfunction is the phenomenon that causes satellites to be damaged or disrupted during solar storms.

A geomagnetic storm is the phenomenon that causes the Earth's magnetic field to fluctuate during solar storms.

Solar variability is the phenomenon that causes the Earth's climate to change over time due to variations in solar activity.