Particulate matter, especially fine particles (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (PM0.1), can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation and irritation, leading to respiratory problems.

Vehicle exhaust, particularly from diesel engines, is a major source of nitrogen dioxide emissions in urban areas. NO2 contributes to the formation of smog and can cause respiratory problems.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from power plants and industrial activities are the primary cause of acid rain. SO2 reacts with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid, which contributes to the acidity of rain and can harm ecosystems.

Atmospheric deposition refers to the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere and deposited onto the Earth's surface through various mechanisms such as rain, snow, and dry deposition.

Particulate matter, especially fine particles (PM2.5), can enter the bloodstream and contribute to the development of cardiovascular problems by increasing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Atmospheric chemistry refers to the chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere, including the transformation of air pollutants into less harmful substances through processes such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of air pollutants that can react with other compounds in the atmosphere to form ozone and other harmful pollutants. Some VOCs, such as benzene and formaldehyde, are known carcinogens.

Promoting the use of electric vehicles is a key measure in reducing air pollution from vehicles as they produce zero tailpipe emissions. This helps to improve air quality and reduce the associated health risks.

Atmospheric diffusion refers to the process by which air pollutants are dispersed and diluted in the atmosphere due to wind, turbulence, and other atmospheric processes.

Imposing stricter emission standards on industrial facilities is a key measure in reducing air pollution as it requires industries to adopt cleaner technologies and practices to comply with the regulations.

Air emission refers to the release of air pollutants into the atmosphere from various sources such as vehicles, industrial activities, and power plants.

Promoting energy efficiency in residential buildings, such as through insulation and efficient heating systems, helps to reduce air pollution by reducing the amount of fuel needed for heating.

Air monitoring refers to the process of measuring and recording the levels of air pollutants in the atmosphere to assess air quality and track changes over time.

Encouraging the use of sustainable farming practices, such as reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, helps to reduce air pollution from agricultural activities by minimizing the release of harmful pollutants.

Air pollution control refers to the strategies and technologies used to reduce the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere, such as emission standards, pollution control devices, and air quality regulations.