Archaeology aims to uncover and interpret the material remains of past human societies to gain insights into their cultures, lifestyles, and historical contexts.

Excavation is the process of carefully digging and removing soil and other materials to expose and examine archaeological features and artifacts.

Artifact analysis involves examining and interpreting artifacts to understand their function, cultural significance, and relationship to past societies.

Radiocarbon dating measures the decay of radioactive carbon-14 to determine the age of organic materials up to approximately 50,000 years.

Henges are prehistoric ritual monuments consisting of large circular or oval embankments with an internal ditch, often associated with standing stones or other megalithic structures.

Ancient Egypt developed a complex system of hieroglyphic writing that was used for religious, administrative, and literary purposes.

Epigraphy is the study of ancient inscriptions, including their decipherment, interpretation, and historical significance.

Geophysical surveys use techniques like ground-penetrating radar, magnetometry, and resistivity surveys to detect buried archaeological features without excavation.

Numismatics is the study of ancient coins, including their history, production, and economic and cultural significance.

Potassium-Argon dating measures the decay of radioactive potassium-40 to argon-40 to determine the age of volcanic ash layers and other geological formations.

Palaces are large, elaborate buildings that were used as residences for rulers and their families in ancient civilizations.

Mesopotamia, particularly the Babylonians, developed advanced mathematical and astronomical knowledge, including the concept of zero, the sexagesimal system, and accurate calendars.

Sigillography is the study of ancient seals and seal impressions, including their designs, materials, and historical significance.

Palynology is the study of pollen and spores to reconstruct past environments and vegetation patterns.

Hillforts are large, fortified settlements built on hilltops, often serving as defensive strongholds in ancient times.