A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises. This means that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true.

Validity is a property of arguments, which means that it is concerned with the relationship between the premises and the conclusion. Satisfiability, on the other hand, is a property of formulas, which means that it is concerned with whether or not there is an interpretation that makes the formula true.

A formula is satisfiable if there is an interpretation that makes it true. The formula (P ∨ ¬P) is satisfiable because it is true in any interpretation where either P or ¬P is true.

A model of a formula is an interpretation that makes the formula true. In other words, it is an assignment of values to the variables in the formula such that the formula evaluates to true.

A logical consequence of a formula is a formula that is true in every model of the original formula. The formula (P ∨ Q) is true in any model where either P or Q is true. Therefore, P is a logical consequence of (P ∨ Q).

A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises. The argument (P ∨ Q) → R, P ⊢ R is valid because the conclusion R follows logically from the premises (P ∨ Q) and P.

A satisfiable formula is one that is true in at least one model. The formula (P ∨ ¬P) is satisfiable because it is true in any model where either P or ¬P is true.

A model of a formula is an interpretation that makes the formula true. The formula (P ∨ Q) is true in any model where either P or Q is true. Therefore, {P: true, Q: false} is a model of (P ∨ Q).

A logical consequence of a formula is a formula that is true in every model of the original formula. The formula (P → Q) is true in any model where either P is false or Q is true. Therefore, ¬P → ¬Q is a logical consequence of (P → Q).

A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises. The argument (P ∨ Q) → R, P ⊢ R is valid because the conclusion R follows logically from the premises (P ∨ Q) and P.

A satisfiable formula is one that is true in at least one model. The formula (P ∨ ¬P) is satisfiable because it is true in any model where either P or ¬P is true.

A model of a formula is an interpretation that makes the formula true. The formula (P ∨ Q) is true in any model where either P or Q is true. Therefore, {P: true, Q: false} is a model of (P ∨ Q).

A logical consequence of a formula is a formula that is true in every model of the original formula. The formula (P → Q) is true in any model where either P is false or Q is true. Therefore, ¬P → ¬Q is a logical consequence of (P → Q).

A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises. The argument (P ∨ Q) → R, P ⊢ R is valid because the conclusion R follows logically from the premises (P ∨ Q) and P.

A satisfiable formula is one that is true in at least one model. The formula (P ∨ ¬P) is satisfiable because it is true in any model where either P or ¬P is true.