Louis XIV, also known as Louis the Great, reigned over France from 1643 to 1715 and is considered the epitome of absolute monarchy.

The Divine Right of Kings was a prevalent belief that monarchs derived their authority directly from God, making them accountable only to divine judgment.

John Locke, in his influential work 'Two Treatises of Government,' argued for the natural rights of individuals and the consent of the governed as the basis of legitimate political authority.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert was Louis XIV's finance minister and a key figure in promoting mercantilism and economic policies that strengthened the French monarchy.

The Glorious Revolution in England led to the deposition of King James II and the accession of William and Mary, marking a significant shift towards constitutional monarchy.

Peter the Great, also known as Peter I, implemented reforms to modernize Russia, including the adoption of Western technology, education, and administrative practices.

Montesquieu, in his work 'The Spirit of the Laws,' proposed the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent the concentration of power in a single entity.

Joseph II, also known as Joseph II Habsburg, was a prominent enlightened despot who pursued reforms to improve the lives of his subjects and promote social justice.

France experienced religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, leading to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which had granted religious freedom to Protestants.

Philip II, also known as Philip the Prudent, pursued an aggressive foreign policy and sought to consolidate Spanish power in Europe and the Americas.

Mexico experienced a peasant revolt during the Age of Absolutism, led by Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, seeking land reforms and social justice.

Frederick the Great, also known as Frederick II, transformed Prussia into a major European power through military conquests and administrative reforms.

England experienced a series of civil wars between Royalists and Parliamentarians, culminating in the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England.

Gustavus Adolphus, also known as the 'Lion of the North,' led Sweden to military success in the Thirty Years' War and expanded its territories.

Spain experienced a period of cultural and intellectual flourishing during the Age of Absolutism, known as the 'Golden Age,' marked by significant achievements in literature, art, and exploration.