The logical connective ∧ (also known as conjunction) is used to represent the logical operation of "and". It is typically used to combine two or more propositions into a single compound proposition, and the resulting proposition is true only if all of the individual propositions are true.

Using the truth table for logical connectives, we can evaluate the truth value of the proposition. When P is true, Q is false, and R is true, the truth value of (P ∨ Q) is true, and the truth value of ¬R is false. Therefore, the truth value of the entire proposition is false.

A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises. In the first option, the conclusion follows logically from the premises, so it is a valid argument. The other two options are not valid because the conclusions do not follow logically from the premises.

The negation of a proposition is a proposition that is opposite in meaning. The negation of "All dogs are mammals" is "Some dogs are not mammals" because it contradicts the original proposition.

A tautology is a proposition that is always true, regardless of the truth values of its component propositions. (P ∨ ¬P) is a tautology because it is always true: either P is true or ¬P is true, or both.

Using the truth table for logical connectives, we can evaluate the truth value of the proposition. When P is true, Q is false, and R is true, the truth value of (P → Q) is false, and the truth value of (Q → R) is true. Therefore, the truth value of the entire proposition is false.

Affirming the consequent is a fallacy in which the conclusion of a conditional statement is assumed to be true, and therefore the antecedent must also be true. It is a logical fallacy because the truth of the consequent does not necessarily imply the truth of the antecedent.

Using the truth table for logical connectives, we can evaluate the truth value of the proposition. When P is true, Q is false, and R is true, the truth value of (P ∧ Q) is false, and the truth value of (P ∧ Q) → R is true. Therefore, the truth value of the entire proposition is true.

A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises. In the first option, the conclusion follows logically from the premises, so it is a valid argument. The other two options are not valid because the conclusions do not follow logically from the premises.

Using the truth table for logical connectives, we can evaluate the truth value of the proposition. When P is true, Q is false, and R is true, the truth value of (P ∨ Q) is true, and the truth value of ¬R is false. Therefore, the truth value of the entire proposition is false.

A tautology is a proposition that is always true, regardless of the truth values of its component propositions. (P ∨ ¬P) is a tautology because it is always true: either P is true or ¬P is true, or both.

Using the truth table for logical connectives, we can evaluate the truth value of the proposition. When P is true, Q is false, and R is true, the truth value of (P → Q) is false, and the truth value of (Q → R) is true. Therefore, the truth value of the entire proposition is false.

Affirming the consequent is a fallacy in which the conclusion of a conditional statement is assumed to be true, and therefore the antecedent must also be true. It is a logical fallacy because the truth of the consequent does not necessarily imply the truth of the antecedent.

Using the truth table for logical connectives, we can evaluate the truth value of the proposition. When P is true, Q is false, and R is true, the truth value of (P ∧ Q) is false, and the truth value of (P ∧ Q) → R is true. Therefore, the truth value of the entire proposition is true.

A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises. In the first option, the conclusion follows logically from the premises, so it is a valid argument. The other two options are not valid because the conclusions do not follow logically from the premises.