GSM employs Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) as its primary multiplexing technique, allowing multiple users to share the same frequency channel by allocating different time slots.

GSM initially operated in the 900 MHz frequency band, which is still widely used in many parts of the world. Other frequency bands, such as 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz, have also been allocated for GSM.

The basic unit of time in GSM is the slot, which has a duration of 577 microseconds. Each slot is further divided into eight bursts, each carrying a specific type of information.

GSM initially supported a maximum data rate of 9.6 kbps, which was later enhanced to 14.4 kbps and 28.8 kbps through the use of higher-order modulation schemes.

GSM employs Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) as its primary modulation technique. GMSK is a continuous-phase modulation scheme that provides good spectral efficiency and resilience to interference.

The GSM Signaling Channel is responsible for carrying control and signaling information between the mobile station and the network. It is used for tasks such as call setup, handover, and power control.

The GSM Traffic Channel is primarily used for carrying voice communication between the mobile station and the network. It is allocated dynamically based on demand and can be shared among multiple users.

The Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) is the protocol used for routing and switching calls in a GSM network. It provides a standardized interface between different network elements and enables the exchange of signaling information.

The GSM Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) protocol is responsible for authenticating subscribers and generating session keys for encrypting voice traffic and signaling messages.

The A5/1 encryption algorithm is used in GSM to encrypt voice traffic. It is a stream cipher that generates a pseudo-random keystream that is XORed with the speech data to produce the encrypted signal.

The GSM Location Area Update (LAU) procedure is used to update the location of a mobile station when it moves from one Location Area (LA) to another. This allows the network to maintain an accurate record of the subscriber's current location.

The Handover Management Protocol is responsible for managing handovers between different cells in a GSM network. It ensures that the handover process is performed smoothly and seamlessly, without any interruption to the ongoing call or data transmission.

The GSM Short Message Service (SMS) is a messaging service that allows mobile phone users to send and receive text messages. It is a widely used service for personal and business communication.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet-based data transmission protocol used in GSM networks. It enables mobile devices to transmit and receive data in a packet-switched mode, allowing for more efficient use of network resources.

The GSM WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a set of protocols that enables mobile devices to access websites and other internet-based services. It provides a standardized way for mobile devices to communicate with web servers and other internet resources.