Students actively construct knowledge through their experiences.

Knowledge is transmitted from teacher to student in a one-way process.

Learning is a passive process where students absorb information.

Students' prior knowledge is irrelevant in the learning process.

Active learning

Social interaction

Direct instruction

Meaningful learning

To transmit knowledge to students.

To facilitate learning and provide guidance.

To evaluate students' learning.

To control the learning environment.

As a passive process where students absorb information.

As an active process where students construct knowledge through their experiences.

As a linear process that proceeds from simple to complex concepts.

As a static process that does not change over time.

It is irrelevant and should be ignored.

It is the foundation for new learning.

It can be harmful and should be corrected.

It is only important for certain subjects.

By providing students with direct instruction.

By emphasizing rote memorization.

By encouraging students to actively engage with the material.

By focusing on standardized testing.

Lecture-based instruction

Inquiry-based learning

Rote memorization

Drill and practice

By ignoring them and focusing on the average student.

By providing all students with the same instruction.

By differentiating instruction to meet the needs of individual learners.

By grouping students based on their ability level.

It can be difficult to implement in practice.

It places too much emphasis on student autonomy.

It ignores the importance of direct instruction.

It is not effective for all learners.

By providing students with rewards for good grades.

By making learning more challenging and rigorous.

By encouraging students to set their own learning goals.

By providing students with clear and concise instructions.

It promotes active learning and engagement.

It helps students develop critical thinking skills.

It prepares students for standardized tests.

It fosters a love of learning.

As a tool for measuring student achievement.

As a way to provide feedback to students.

As a means of comparing students to each other.

As a way to punish students for poor performance.

Multiple-choice tests

Portfolios

Standardized tests

True-false quizzes

By having students work in isolation.

By encouraging students to compete with each other.

By providing opportunities for students to work together on projects.

By emphasizing individual achievement.

Jean Piaget

Lev Vygotsky

B.F. Skinner

John Dewey