Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen dioxide

Ozone

Particulate matter

To reduce air pollution and protect human health

To promote economic growth

To protect the environment

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Command-and-control regulations and market-based incentives

Technology-based standards and performance-based standards

Source-specific regulations and ambient air quality standards

Prevention of significant deterioration and new source review

A technology-based standard specifies the specific technologies that must be used, while a performance-based standard specifies the level of pollution that must be achieved.

A technology-based standard is more stringent than a performance-based standard.

A performance-based standard is more stringent than a technology-based standard.

A technology-based standard is more flexible than a performance-based standard.

To prevent air pollution from getting worse in areas that are already clean

To reduce air pollution in areas that are already polluted

To promote economic growth

To protect the environment

To reduce air pollution from new and modified sources

To promote economic growth

To protect the environment

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Emissions trading, emissions taxes, and subsidies

Technology-based standards, performance-based standards, and source-specific regulations

Prevention of significant deterioration, new source review, and ambient air quality standards

Command-and-control regulations, market-based incentives, and voluntary measures

To allow companies to buy and sell pollution credits

To reduce air pollution

To promote economic growth

To protect the environment

To discourage companies from emitting air pollution

To raise revenue for the government

To promote economic growth

To protect the environment

To encourage companies to invest in pollution control equipment

To reduce air pollution

To promote economic growth

To protect the environment

They are more flexible and cost-effective than command-and-control regulations.

They encourage innovation and technological development.

They can be used to achieve specific environmental goals.

All of the above

They can be complex and difficult to administer.

They can lead to increased pollution in some areas.

They can be unfair to companies that are already investing in pollution control.

All of the above

The complexity of air pollution problems

The cost of air pollution control

The political challenges of regulating air pollution

All of the above

The increasing use of market-based incentives

The focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions

The increasing use of technology to monitor and control air pollution

All of the above

The increasing demand for energy

The growth of the global economy

The increasing urbanization of the world's population

All of the above