Historiography is the study of the writing of history and the methods used by historians to research, analyze, and interpret historical events and sources.

Scientific experiments are not typically used to study early civilizations because they require modern technology and methods that were not available in ancient times.

Archaeology is the study of human societies and cultures through the analysis of their material remains, such as artifacts, architecture, and ecofacts.

A stone tool is an example of an archaeological artifact because it is a physical object that was created and used by humans in the past.

Anthropology is the study of human societies and cultures through the analysis of their language, customs, and beliefs.

A story passed down through generations by word of mouth is an example of an oral tradition because it is a form of cultural knowledge that is transmitted orally rather than through written records.

Environmental science is the study of the relationship between humans and their environment, including the impact of human activities on the natural world.

A pollen sample can be used to study the environment of early civilizations because it can provide information about the types of plants that were present in the area at the time.

Sociology is the study of the development of human societies and cultures over time, including the social, economic, and political factors that influence their evolution.

The theory of social stratification is a sociological theory that can be used to study early civilizations because it provides a framework for understanding the different social classes that existed in these societies and the relationships between them.

Anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and their technology, including the development and use of tools, weapons, and other artifacts.

The wheel was a technological innovation that had a significant impact on the development of early civilizations because it allowed for the transportation of goods and people over long distances, which facilitated trade and communication.

Anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and their religion, including the beliefs, practices, and rituals associated with different religious traditions.

Polytheism, the belief in multiple gods, was a common religious belief among many early civilizations.

Anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and their art, including the creation, appreciation, and interpretation of artistic works.

Painting, sculpture, architecture, and music were all common art forms among many early civilizations.