Brahmins, the priestly caste, often held significant landholdings and enjoyed economic and social privileges due to their high ritual status.

Caste-based land ownership often led to the concentration of land in the hands of upper castes, leaving lower castes landless and dependent on the upper castes for their livelihood.

The Zamindari system, introduced by the British, granted zamindars (landlords) the right to collect taxes from peasants in exchange for a fixed revenue payment to the government.

The Zamindari system allowed upper-caste zamindars to accumulate wealth and power by exploiting lower-caste peasants, reinforcing caste-based inequalities.

Lower-caste peasants primarily relied on agriculture for their livelihood, often working as sharecroppers or agricultural laborers on the lands of upper-caste landowners.

Caste-based agrarian relations often led to lower castes having limited access to land, resources, and adequate nutrition, resulting in food insecurity and malnutrition.

In many regions of India, Shudras were traditionally involved in occupations related to meat production and consumption, such as butchering and leatherworking.

Caste-based food restrictions and taboos often limited the food choices of lower castes, contributing to food insecurity and malnutrition.

In many caste-based agrarian societies, women's roles were largely confined to household chores and childcare, with limited opportunities for participation in landownership, management, or agricultural labor.

Caste-based agrarian relations often led to the accumulation of wealth and resources in the hands of upper castes, while lower castes faced economic deprivation and limited access to resources.

In many regions of India, Vaishyas were traditionally involved in occupations related to trade and commerce, including the production and consumption of dairy products.

Caste-based land ownership patterns often led to the marginalization and impoverishment of lower castes, who were denied access to land and resources, resulting in economic and social disparities.

In pre-colonial India, the state generally played a limited role in regulating caste-based agrarian relations, often allowing caste-based norms and practices to govern landownership and agrarian relations.

Caste-based agrarian relations often led to the stagnation of agricultural technology and innovation, as lower castes were denied access to education, resources, and opportunities for experimentation and innovation.

In many regions of India, Shudras were traditionally involved in occupations related to fishing and the consumption of fish.