Philosophy provides judges with a set of principles and values that can be used to interpret laws and make decisions in a fair and just manner.

Natural Law Theory posits that there are certain fundamental rights and liberties that are inherent to all human beings and that these rights cannot be taken away by the government.

Legal Positivism maintains that law is created by the state through the enactment of statutes and that the validity of a law is determined solely by its formal enactment, not by its moral or ethical content.

Teleological Ethics, particularly Utilitarianism, asserts that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its consequences, with the goal of maximizing overall happiness or well-being.

Precedent plays a crucial role in judicial review by providing guidance, ensuring consistency, limiting judicial power, and promoting legal certainty.

Deontological Ethics, particularly Kantian Ethics, maintains that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its adherence to moral principles, irrespective of the consequences.

Interpretation plays a vital role in judicial review by helping judges determine the meaning of legal texts, apply legal principles, resolve ambiguities, and ultimately promote justice and fairness.

Virtue Ethics, as propounded by Aristotle, focuses on developing good character traits and moral virtues, believing that virtuous individuals will make the right choices and act justly.

Judicial activism involves judges taking a more proactive role in interpreting the Constitution and using their power to promote social change, protect minority rights, and overturn unconstitutional laws.

Consequentialism, particularly Utilitarianism, focuses on the consequences of actions and asserts that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its outcomes.

Judicial restraint involves judges exercising self-restraint and deferring to the decisions of the legislature and executive branches, thereby limiting their own power, promoting legal certainty, and avoiding overstepping their authority.

The Historical School of Law emphasizes the importance of following established customs, traditions, and historical precedents in interpreting and applying the law.

Originalism is a method of constitutional interpretation that seeks to interpret the Constitution based on its original meaning at the time it was adopted.

Libertarianism emphasizes the importance of individual autonomy, self-determination, and limited government intervention in personal and economic matters.

Stare decisis is a legal principle that requires courts to follow the precedents established in previous judicial decisions, thereby promoting consistency, ensuring that legal precedents are followed, limiting judicial discretion, and preventing the overturning of well-established legal principles.