Ferdinand Magellan led the first scientific expedition to circumnavigate the globe, setting sail in 1519 and completing the journey in 1522.

Alvin is a manned submersible research vessel that has conducted extensive exploration of the deep sea, including the discovery of hydrothermal vents and other unique ecosystems.

Challenger Deep is the deepest point in the ocean, located in the Mariana Trench and reaching a depth of approximately 11,000 meters.

Jacques Cousteau was a renowned oceanographer and marine biologist who conducted extensive research on marine life and popularized ocean science through his documentaries and books.

The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was an international research program that aimed to study the global ocean circulation and its impact on climate.

The Titanic Expedition 1985, led by Robert Ballard, discovered the wreck of the RMS Titanic in the North Atlantic Ocean.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an underwater mountain range that runs through the Atlantic Ocean, separating the North American and Eurasian plates.

R/V Polarstern is a German research vessel known for its exploration of the Arctic Ocean and its role in the study of climate change.

The Census of Marine Life was an international scientific program that aimed to study the biodiversity and ecosystems of the world's oceans.

The Galapagos Rift Expedition 1977 discovered hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, ecosystems supported by chemical energy rather than sunlight.

The Mariana Trench is the deepest underwater canyon in the world, located in the western Pacific Ocean and reaching a depth of approximately 11,000 meters.

Alvin is a manned submersible research vessel that has conducted extensive exploration of the deep sea, including the discovery of hydrothermal vents and other unique ecosystems.

The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) is an international scientific program that aims to study the past climate and environmental changes recorded in marine sediments.

The Bismarck Expedition 1989 discovered the wreck of the German battleship Bismarck, sunk during World War II in the North Atlantic Ocean.

The Ocean Carbon and Climate Change Project (OCCC) is an international scientific program that aims to study the role of the oceans in the global carbon cycle.