Censorship is primarily employed to maintain social order by controlling the flow of information and preventing the dissemination of ideas deemed harmful or disruptive to society.

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the press.

The 'marketplace of ideas' argument posits that free speech allows for the exchange of diverse viewpoints, enabling individuals to critically evaluate different perspectives and make informed decisions.

The 'clear and present danger' doctrine allows for the restriction of speech that poses a direct and imminent threat to public safety or national security.

The 'heckler's veto' refers to the disruption of a speaker's message by heckling or other forms of protest, potentially infringing on the speaker's right to free speech.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognizes the right to freedom of expression, including the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas.

The 'chilling effect' of censorship encompasses all of the above options, as it discourages individuals from expressing certain viewpoints, leads to self-censorship, and creates a climate of fear and repression.

In Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, the Supreme Court established the 'fighting words' doctrine, which allows for the restriction of speech that is likely to incite imminent lawless action.

The 'prior restraint' doctrine refers to the government's power to censor speech before it is published, typically in cases where the speech is deemed to pose a clear and present danger.

In Cohen v. California, the Supreme Court held that the government cannot censor speech simply because it is offensive, as long as it does not fall into a narrow category of unprotected speech, such as obscenity or incitement.

The 'overbreadth doctrine' refers to a law that restricts speech more broadly than necessary to achieve its legitimate purpose, potentially infringing on protected speech.

In Memoirs v. Massachusetts, the Supreme Court held that the government cannot ban the sale of books simply because they contain obscene material, as long as the material has some literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

The 'heckler's veto' refers to the disruption of a speaker's message by heckling or other forms of protest, potentially infringing on the speaker's right to free speech.

In United States v. Eichman, the Supreme Court held that the government cannot censor speech based on its political content, even if the speech is critical of the government.

The 'clear and present danger' doctrine refers to a law that restricts speech that poses a clear and present danger to public safety or national security.