Coagulation and flocculation are primary treatment processes that involve the addition of chemicals to cause impurities to clump together and form larger particles, making them easier to remove in subsequent treatment stages.

The activated sludge process is a biological treatment process that utilizes microorganisms to break down and convert organic matter present in wastewater into carbon dioxide and water.

Reverse osmosis is a membrane filtration process that utilizes a semipermeable membrane to separate dissolved salts and impurities from water, producing purified water with low salt content.

Chlorination is a widely used disinfection method in water treatment plants, involving the addition of chlorine to water to kill harmful bacteria and microorganisms, ensuring the safety of drinking water.

Tertiary treatment is an advanced wastewater treatment process that aims to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, which can cause eutrophication and harm aquatic ecosystems.

Activated carbon adsorption is an effective method for removing heavy metals from wastewater. Activated carbon has a high surface area and can adsorb heavy metal ions, removing them from the water.

Coagulation and flocculation are processes used to reduce the concentration of suspended solids in water. Coagulation involves the addition of chemicals to destabilize the suspended particles, while flocculation promotes the aggregation of these particles into larger flocs, making them easier to remove in subsequent treatment stages.

The activated sludge process is a biological wastewater treatment process that utilizes microorganisms to break down and remove organic contaminants from wastewater.

Ultraviolet disinfection utilizes electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet spectrum to damage the DNA of microorganisms, rendering them inactive and preventing their reproduction.

Activated carbon adsorption is an effective method for removing taste and odor compounds from drinking water. Activated carbon has a high surface area and can adsorb these compounds, improving the taste and odor of the water.

A settling tank, also known as a sedimentation tank, is used to reduce the concentration of suspended solids in water. It allows the solids to settle out of the water due to gravity, making them easier to remove in subsequent treatment stages.

Activated alumina adsorption is an effective method for removing fluoride from drinking water. Activated alumina has a high affinity for fluoride ions and can selectively remove them from water.

A trickling filter is a biological wastewater treatment process that utilizes microorganisms attached to a media to remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.

Ion exchange is an effective method for removing hardness from water. Ion exchange resins exchange ions with the water, replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium or potassium ions, resulting in softened water.

A constructed wetland is a natural wastewater treatment system that utilizes plants and microorganisms to remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.