Determinism asserts that every event, including human actions, is caused by preceding events and conditions, leaving no room for genuine moral responsibility.

Compatibilism posits that moral responsibility can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are the product of our own free will and not external coercion.

Libertarianism emphasizes the necessity of genuine free will, unconstrained by external factors, for moral responsibility to exist.

Peter Strawson, in his book 'Freedom and Resentment', argues that moral responsibility can be maintained even in a deterministic universe, as long as our actions are intentional and reflect our values.

Moral Relativism asserts that moral values and responsibilities vary across different societies and cultures, and are not universally applicable.

Hard determinism posits that every event, including human actions, is predetermined by a causal chain of events, eliminating the possibility of genuine free will.

Baruch Spinoza, in his work 'Ethics', argued that human actions are determined by their desires and aversions, and that the illusion of free will arises from our ignorance of the causal factors shaping our choices.

Moral Autonomy refers to the capacity of individuals to make moral choices independently of external influences or causal determinism.

Consequentialism evaluates the morality of actions based solely on their outcomes or consequences, disregarding the intentions or motives of the agent.

Moral Excuses are factors or circumstances that reduce or eliminate an individual's moral responsibility for their actions, such as coercion, ignorance, or mental incapacity.

Immanuel Kant, in his work 'Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals', argued that moral responsibility arises from our capacity for rational reflection and our ability to act in accordance with moral principles, regardless of our desires or inclinations.

Moral Excuses are factors or circumstances that reduce or eliminate an individual's moral responsibility for their actions, such as coercion, ignorance, or mental incapacity.

Immanuel Kant, in his work 'Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals', argued that moral responsibility arises from our capacity for rational reflection and our ability to act in accordance with moral principles, regardless of our desires or inclinations.

Moral Excuses are factors or circumstances that reduce or eliminate an individual's moral responsibility for their actions, such as coercion, ignorance, or mental incapacity.

Immanuel Kant, in his work 'Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals', argued that moral responsibility arises from our capacity for rational reflection and our ability to act in accordance with moral principles, regardless of our desires or inclinations.