The Yajurveda contains hymns and rituals related to navigation, including instructions on how to determine the direction of the North Star and how to use the stars for navigation.

The quadrant was a simple instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial bodies above the horizon. It consisted of a quarter-circle arc with a plumb line attached to the center.

Aryabhata, in his work Aryabhatiya, developed a method for calculating the circumference of the Earth based on the assumption that the Earth is a sphere.

The great circle distance formula is a mathematical formula used to calculate the shortest distance between two points on the Earth's surface.

Varahamihira, in his work Brihat Samhita, developed a method for calculating the time of sunrise and sunset based on the position of the Sun in the sky.

Brahmagupta, in his work Brahmasphuta Siddhanta, developed a method for calculating the position of the Moon based on its motion relative to the Sun.

Bhaskara II, in his work Siddhanta Shiromani, developed a method for calculating the position of the planets based on their motion relative to the Sun.

Aryabhata, in his work Aryabhatiya, developed a method for calculating the time of eclipses based on the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky.

Varahamihira, in his work Brihat Samhita, developed a method for calculating the position of the stars based on their motion relative to the Sun.

Aryabhata, in his work Aryabhatiya, developed a method for calculating the distance to the Moon based on the time it takes for moonlight to reach the Earth.

Aryabhata, in his work Aryabhatiya, developed a method for calculating the distance to the Sun based on the time it takes for sunlight to reach the Earth.

Aryabhata, in his work Aryabhatiya, developed a method for calculating the speed of light based on the time it takes for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth.

Aryabhata, in his work Aryabhatiya, developed a method for calculating the mass of the Earth based on the time it takes for a body to fall from a height.

Aryabhata, in his work Aryabhatiya, developed a method for calculating the density of the Earth based on the time it takes for a body to fall from a height.