Primordialist Theory posits that national identity is rooted in pre-existing ethnic, linguistic, and cultural ties among a group of people.

Modernist Theory argues that nationalism arises from the pursuit of economic advantages and the desire for political power by various social groups.

Constructivist Theory posits that national identity is actively constructed and shaped by political elites and state institutions through various means, such as education, media, and political discourse.

Civic Nationalism defines national identity based on shared political values, rights, and responsibilities, rather than ethnic or cultural factors.

Organic Theory, also known as Romantic Nationalism, perceives nationalism as an inherent and natural aspect of human society, akin to the growth and development of an organism.

Marxist Theory views nationalism as a tool employed by the ruling class to maintain control and exploit the working class, diverting attention from class-based conflicts.

Cultural Pluralism posits that national identity can encompass diverse cultural groups and traditions, recognizing and valuing cultural differences within a nation.

Postcolonial Nationalism challenges the economic exploitation and power imbalances perpetuated by Western nations during the colonial era, advocating for economic justice and self-determination.

Liberal Nationalism asserts that national identity should be based on individual consent and the protection of fundamental rights and liberties, rather than ethnic or cultural factors.

Ethnosymbolism emphasizes the role of shared myths, symbols, and rituals in shaping and maintaining national identity.

Postmodern Nationalism argues that nationalism arises as a reaction to the perceived loss of cultural identity and community in the face of globalization and modernization.

Methodological Nationalism examines the assumptions and limitations of using the nation-state as the primary unit of analysis in social and political research.

Territorial Nationalism asserts that national identity is defined by the control and possession of a specific territory, emphasizing the importance of territorial sovereignty and self-determination.

Critics of Banal Nationalism argue that it downplays the potential for nationalism to be a powerful and destructive force, capable of inciting conflict and violence.

Nationalist Essentialism posits that national identity is a unique and fundamental aspect of human identity, distinct from other forms of social identity such as ethnicity, religion, or class.