Biotransformation involves the enzymatic conversion of nanomaterials into less toxic or more biodegradable forms.

Pseudomonas species are known for their ability to produce siderophores, which chelate and solubilize metal ions, facilitating their bioremediation.

Biosurfactants can enhance the bioavailability of nanomaterials by increasing their solubility and dispersion, reduce their toxicity by forming complexes with them, and promote the growth of bioremediating microorganisms by providing them with nutrients.

The effectiveness of bioremediation of nanomaterials can be influenced by various factors, including the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials, the environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and nutrient availability, and the composition and diversity of the microbial community present.

The bioremediation of nanomaterials faces several challenges, including the low bioavailability of nanomaterials due to their small size and tendency to aggregate, the toxicity of nanomaterials to microorganisms, and the difficulty in engineering microorganisms with the desired bioremediation capabilities.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) treatment is a bioremediation strategy that involves the use of nZVI particles to reduce and immobilize organic pollutants in soil, facilitating their biodegradation by microorganisms.

Phytoextraction involves the uptake and accumulation of nanomaterials by plants, allowing for their removal from the environment.

Nanoparticle-based adsorption involves the use of nanomaterials to adsorb and remove heavy metals from wastewater, facilitating their subsequent removal.

The use of nanomaterials in bioremediation faces several challenges, including the potential toxicity of nanomaterials to microorganisms, the low bioavailability of nanomaterials due to their small size and tendency to aggregate, and the difficulty in controlling their fate and transport in the environment.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) treatment is a bioremediation strategy that involves the use of nZVI particles to reduce and immobilize radionuclides in soil, facilitating their subsequent removal.

The use of nanomaterials in bioremediation offers several advantages, including enhanced bioavailability of contaminants, increased specificity and efficiency of bioremediation processes, and reduced toxicity of contaminants.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) treatment is a bioremediation strategy that involves the use of nZVI particles to reduce and immobilize pesticides in soil, facilitating their subsequent removal.

Mycoremediation involves the use of fungi to degrade and remove nanomaterials from the environment.

Nanoparticle-based adsorption involves the use of nanomaterials to adsorb and remove chlorinated solvents from groundwater, facilitating their subsequent removal.

The scale-up of bioremediation processes using nanomaterials faces several challenges, including the potential toxicity of nanomaterials to microorganisms, the low bioavailability of nanomaterials due to their small size and tendency to aggregate, and the difficulty in controlling their fate and transport in the environment.