The circular economy aims to minimize waste and pollution by designing products and systems that can be reused, repaired, or recycled, thereby reducing the need for new materials and energy.

Using recycled materials in manufacturing is an example of a circular economy practice because it reduces the need for virgin materials and helps to close the loop in the production-consumption-waste cycle.

Recycling is the process of recovering materials from waste and converting them into new materials and objects.

Paper, plastic, and glass are all commonly recycled materials. Recycling these materials helps to conserve resources, reduce pollution, and save energy.

A circular product is designed to be reused, repaired, or recycled, thereby minimizing waste and pollution.

The circular economy offers multiple benefits, including reduced waste and pollution, increased resource efficiency, and job creation.

Composting is the process of converting organic waste into a nutrient-rich soil amendment.

Product-as-a-service, subscription-based services, and refurbishing and reselling products are all examples of circular economy business models that aim to reduce waste and promote reuse and recycling.

Circular design is the process of designing products and systems to minimize waste and pollution and to facilitate reuse, repair, and recycling.

The circular economy faces challenges such as lack of consumer awareness, lack of infrastructure, and lack of government support, which hinder its widespread adoption.

E-waste recycling is the process of extracting valuable materials from electronic waste, such as metals, plastics, and glass, for reuse or recycling.

Extended producer responsibility (EPR), deposit refund schemes (DRS), and pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) schemes are all examples of circular economy initiatives that aim to reduce waste and promote reuse and recycling.

Modular design is the process of designing products and systems that can be easily disassembled and repaired, making them more circular and easier to maintain.

Design for circularity, reduce, reuse, recycle, and extended producer responsibility are all key principles of the circular economy.

Waste-to-energy is the process of converting waste materials into energy, such as electricity or heat.