Population growth rate refers to the rate at which a population's size changes over time, typically expressed as a percentage.

Climate change, while having various environmental and societal impacts, is not a direct determinant of population growth rates.

Exponential growth occurs when the population size increases at an increasing rate due to a higher birth rate compared to the death rate.

Increasing life expectancy is not a characteristic of zero population growth, as it can occur in populations with both positive and negative growth rates.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that an environment can support without experiencing resource depletion or degradation.

Urbanization is the process of population movement from rural to urban areas, while emigration, immigration, and transmigration are all types of migration involving movement between different regions or countries.

Age structure refers to the proportion of individuals in different age groups within a population, often represented graphically as a population pyramid.

The demographic transition model typically consists of four stages: pre-industrial, transitional, post-industrial, and stationary. The declining stage is not a recognized stage in the model.

Demographic aging refers to the increasing proportion of older individuals in a population, often due to declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy.

Rapid population growth can strain resources and lead to environmental degradation and social instability, but it is not necessarily associated with increased economic growth.

Natural increase refers to the difference between the birth rate and the death rate, which contributes to population growth or decline.

Cultural homogeneity is not typically a factor that influences migration patterns, as people may migrate to regions with different cultural backgrounds for various reasons.

Total fertility rate refers to the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive lifetime, assuming current fertility patterns remain constant.

Population decline can have various negative consequences, but it is not necessarily associated with environmental recovery, as other factors such as resource management and conservation play a significant role.

Zero population growth refers to the state in which the birth rate and the death rate are equal, resulting in a stable population size.